This book evolved from the editors strong belief that the information and new developments that were evolving from the rapidly growing field of genomics and that are happening primarily in the developed world have not happened at a parallel rate in the developing world. One would have hoped that by now the technologies and approaches would have been adapted on a far greater scale. In addition to this, the associated information is not always easily accessible, and is not disseminated in a format that can become a useful reference for scientists, students and others who reside in developing countries.

This book, like the two previous editions, was written as an introduction to human cytogenetics, but it could also be used as a text for a general cytogenetics course, since chromosome structure and behavior are similar in all eukaryotes. Many examples in this book are from organisms other than humans, reflecting our combined backgrounds of molecular and bacterial genetics, and plant and animal cytogenetics. In the rapidly expanding field of human cytogenetics, certain subjects, for instance clinical and cancer cytogenetics, are now covered in recently published, thousand-page volumes. In this book, such subjects are presented only in outline. The enormous growth of information has also made the choice of topics and of examples to illustrate them even more arbitrary and subjective than in the previous editions. Apart from a few pages here and there, the text has been rewritten. Major parts, especially those on molecular matters, have been added. This book would not exist without the dedicated participation of Mrs. Barbara Susman. She has been involved in the project from the planning stages to the final proofreading. She has done the extensive literature research, designed most of the tables and illustrations, and edited and typed the text. For discussions and suggestions we are indebted to many colleagues. We wish especially to mention Drs. Lassi Alvesalo, Evelyn M. Kuhn, and Renata Laxova, who have critically read selected parts of the book, and Dr. Carter Denniston, who has read the whole text.

This book provides a practically applicable guide to the applications of pharmogenomics across medicine. Background information is provided on the mechanisms associated with membrane transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes and their importance in pharmagenomics. Detailed guidance is subsequently presented on how to apply these techniques in disciplines including cardiology, gastroenterology, oncology, transplantation surgery, infectious diseases, anesthesia and analgesia, neurology, psychiatry, primary care, and public health. Clear easy-to-follow instructions are given on how to use big data technologies and public health databases in day-to-day clinical practice.

The dynamic nature of decoding the information in messenger RNA was unanticipated at the time the genetic code was first deciphered. We now know that both the meaning of individual codons and the framing of the readout process can be modified by information in specific messenger RNAs. This book describes this "Recoding" phenomenon, revealing the diversity of an additional layer of information in mRNAs that serves to enrich the expression of genes. Knowledge of recoding is essential for understanding the organization and expression of genes in viruses and all organisms ranging from bacteria to archeae to plants to humans, making Recoding pertinent to all biological sciences.

Molecularly-Targeted Therapy for Childhood Cancer is a comprehensive exploration of the molecular aspects of childhood cancers that are currently being targeted therapeutically or are in the early phases of development. Each chapter describes key molecular characteristics of hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors in children and young adults that are fundamental to the etiology, survival and drug resistance of these cancers as well as able to serve as tumor selective pathways for treatment.

This updated and enlarged second edition is a unique source of information on the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of metabolic diseases.

The ultimate goal of bioinformatics is to extract biological knowledge out of the large amount of information generated by the scientific community. The chapters compiled in this volume will allow both biologists and computer scientists to understand the significance and potential of this discipline in the analysis of high throughput sequencing data. An essential reference book, not only for serving as guideline for the comprehension of the main data analysis steps, but also for providing new insights into existing software and inspiration to develop new applications.