The original version of this article was written more than fiveyears ago with S. Z. Shefel',a profound and original mathematician who died in 1984. Sincethen the geometry of surfaces has continued to be enriched with ideas and results. This has required changes and additions, but has not influenced the character of the article, the design ofwhich originated with Shefel'. Without knowing to what extent Shefel' would have approved the changes, I should nevertheless like to dedicate this article to his memory. (Yu. D. Burago) We are trying to state the qualitative questions of the theory of surfaces in Euclidean spaces in the form in which they appear to the authors at present. This description does not entirely correspond to the historical development of the subject. The theory of surfaces was developed in the first place mainly as the 3 theory of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space E ; however, it makes sense to begin by considering surfaces F in Euclidean spaces of any dimension n~ 3. This approach enables us, in particular, to put in a new light some 3 unsolved problems of this developed (and in the case of surfaces in E fairly complete) theory, and in many cases to refer to the connections with the present stage ofdevelopment of the theory of multidimensional submanifolds. The leading question of the article is the problem of the connection between classes of metrics and classes of surfaces in En.

This book is a complete revision of the earlier work Probability which ap­ peared in 1970. While revised so radically and incorporating so much new material as to amount to a new text, it preserves both the aim and the approach of the original. That aim was stated as the provision of a 'first text in probability, de­ manding a reasonable but not extensive knowledge of mathematics, and taking the reader to what one might describe as a good intermediate level'. In doing so it attempted to break away from stereotyped applications, and consider applications of a more novel and significant character. The particular novelty of the approach was that expectation was taken as the prime concept, and the concept of expectation axiomatized rather than that of a probability measure. In the preface to the original text of 1970 (reproduced below, together with that to the Russian edition of 1982) I listed what I saw as the advantages of the approach in as unlaboured a fashion as I could. I also took the view that the text rather than the author should persuade, and left the text to speak for itself. It has, indeed, stimulated a steady interest, to the point that Springer-Verlag has now commissioned this complete reworking.

The fall of Saigon in April 1975 resulted in the largest and most ambitious refugee resettlement effort in Canada?s history. Running on Empty presents the challenges and successes of this bold refugee resettlement program. It traces the actions of a few dozen men and women who travelled to seventy remote refugee camps, worked long days in humid conditions, subsisted on dried noodles and green tea, and sometimes slept on their worktables while rats scurried around them ? all in order to resettle thousands of people displaced by war and oppression.

This book traces the evolution of the German Army uniform from 1870 to the present day, using nearly 800 photographs to offer the reader an unparalleled analysis. Each image is accompanied by a detailed caption, explaining interesting aspects of the soldier's uniform, insignia and equipment.

Explore How Churchill Went From Schoolboy Failure to Wartime HeroAs a British politician who was well known for serving twice as prime minister for the United Kingdom and as an infamous war organizer, leader Winston S. Churchill filled his long life with achievements and recognition plotted throughout every modern history book. Most famously, he led Great Britain into victory over Nazi Germany during World War II in his first run as prime minister and played an essential role in negotiating peace once the war reached an unsteady end.

When the Civil War began, the U.S. pharmaceutical industry was concentrated almost exclusively in Philadelphia and was dominated by just a few major firms; when the war ended, it was poised to expand nationwide. Civil War Pharmacy is the first book to delineate how the growing field of pharmacy gained respect and traction in, and even distinction from, the medical world because of the large-scale manufacture and dispersion of drug supplies and therapeutics during the Civil War.

"A well-written and comprehensive tale . . . a lively history of the people and events that forged modern-day New York City."-The Urban Audubon
Experience a seldom-seen New York City with journalists and NYC natives Sharon Seitz and Stuart Miller as they show you the 42 islands in this city's diverse archipelago. Within the city's boundaries there are dozens of islands-some famous, like Ellis, some infamous, like Rikers, and others forgotten, like North Brother, where Typhoid Mary spent nearly 30 years in confinement.

Every four years, candidates make their case to the American people about why they are the best choice for president. In one election, a majority of voters might want a president who seems able to fix a troubled economy. In another, they could veer toward a strong military leader. Sometimes voters want reassurance. Sometimes they want change. And every so often the Electoral College takes the choice away from voters entirely. In this engaging historical review, Chris Barsanti takes a thought-provoking look at ten notable presidential elections that were pivotal in determining the course of American history, * The 1796 election of John Adams, which proved that a peaceful transfer of power was possible without a monarch.

Taking American mobilization in WWII as its departure point, this book offers a concise but comprehensive introduction to the history of militarization in the United States since 1940. Exploring the ways in which war and the preparation for war have shaped and affected the United States during 'The American Century', Fitzgerald demonstrates how militarization has moulded relations between the US and the rest of the world. Providing a timely synthesis of key scholarship in a rapidly developing field, this book shows how national security concerns have affected issues as diverse as the development of the welfare state, infrastructure spending, gender relations and notions of citizenship.

Finally free from prison, Grassy Knoll Shooter CIA/Mob assassin James E. Files reveals more chilling details surrounding the events that led up to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Readers who are new to the story, as well as seasoned skeptics of the Warren Commission, can follow along as Files recounts the details from the original plot to kill JFK in Chicago to the dark deed done in Dallas November 22, 1963. On that day, the United States of America experienced a coup d'état where the 35th president was taken down in a military-style ambush by the Central Intelligence Agency using Organized Crime hit men as their assassins.

This book is the first to be devoted to the theory of vector-valued functions with one variable. This theory is one of the fundamental tools employed in modern physics, the spectral theory of operators, approximation of analytic operators, analytic mappings between vectors, and vector-valued functions of several variables.

Generalized functions are now widely recognized as important mathematical tools for engineers and physicists. But they are considered to be inaccessible for non-specialists. To remedy this situation, this book gives an intelligible exposition of generalized functions based on Sato's hyperfunction, which is essentially the `boundary value of analytic functions'. An intuitive image – hyperfunction = vortex layer – is adopted, and only an elementary knowledge of complex function theory is assumed. The treatment is entirely self-contained.

The DMV seminar "Stochastische Approximation und Optimierung zufalliger Systeme" was held at Blaubeuren, 28. 5. -4. 6. 1989. The goal was to give an approach to theory and application of stochas­ tic approximation in view of optimization problems, especially in engineering systems. These notes are based on the seminar lectures. They consist of three parts: I. Foundations of stochastic approximation (H. Walk); n. Applicational aspects of stochastic approximation (G. PHug); In. Applications to adaptation :ugorithms (L. Ljung). The prerequisites for reading this book are basic knowledge in probability, mathematical statistics, optimization. We would like to thank Prof. M. Barner and Prof. G. Fischer for the or­ ganization of the seminar. We also thank the participants for their cooperation and our assistants and secretaries for typing the manuscript. November 1991 L. Ljung, G. PHug, H. Walk Table of contents I Foundations of stochastic approximation (H. Walk) §1 Almost sure convergence of stochastic approximation procedures 2 §2 Recursive methods for linear problems 17 §3 Stochastic optimization under stochastic constraints 22 §4 A learning model; recursive density estimation 27 §5 Invariance principles in stochastic approximation 30 §6 On the theory of large deviations 43 References for Part I 45 11 Applicational aspects of stochastic approximation (G. PHug) §7 Markovian stochastic optimization and stochastic approximation procedures 53 §8 Asymptotic distributions 71 §9 Stopping times 79 §1O Applications of stochastic approximation methods 80 References for Part II 90 III Applications to adaptation algorithms (L.

A deep understanding of prime numbers is one of the great challenges in mathematics. In this new edition, fundamental theorems, challenging open problems, and the most recent computational records are presented in a language without secrets. The impressive wealth of material and references will make this book a favorite companion and a source of inspiration to all readers.