This past July about sixty physicists from sixteen different countries gathered at St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands for an Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics. The initial idea for the Institute arose one blustery and miserable day at Fermilab during discussions about all the wonderful summer schools that were prevalent throughout Europe but essentially nonexistent in the United States. I felt that it would be of great value to have an Institute that was located in a beautiful area and that catered primarily to the hard­ working experimenters who stoically suffer both the winter cold and summer heat at Fermilab. Summer schools in our field generally provide the very useful opportunity of meeting physicists who work along different lines of research, as well as the opportunity of keeping abreast of new developments. All schools tend to emphasize recent theoretical advances and phenomenology, while technical questions that are of great interest to experimenters are seldom discussed. It seemed appropriate therefore to organize a summer institute that would combine topics in accelerator design, data acquisition and the like, with the more standard theoretical fare. This is the general idea that prevailed in setting up the program of the Institute at St.

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Per la prima volta, sua santità il Dalai Lama racconta la sua storia e le prove che lui e il suo popolo hanno dovuto sostenere. Sua Santità il Dalai Lama ha dovuto combattere contro le autorità cinesi per quasi tutta la vita. Aveva solo 16 anni quando la Cina ha invaso il Tibet, nel 1950, appena 19 quando incontrò per la prima volta il Presidente Mao e 25 quando fu costretto a fuggire in esilio in India. Nei sette decenni trascorsi da allora, ha affrontato i leader comunisti cinesi – Mao, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin e Hu Jintao – lottando per la libertà del Tibet e cercando di preservarne la cultura, la lingua, la religione e la storia, nonostante un governo che lo ha emarginato e demonizzato..

When this publisher offered me the opportunity to \\Tite a book, some six years ago, I did not hesitate to say yes. I had just spent the last four years of graduate school struggling to understand the physics of strained quantum well lasers, and it seemed to me the whole experience was much more difficult that it should have been. For although many of the results I needed were easy to locate, the underlying physical premises and intervening steps were not. If only I had a book providing the derivations, I could have absorbed them and gone on my way. Such a book lies before you. It provides a unified and self-contained descrip­ tion of the essential physics of strained quantum well lasers, starting from first principles whenever feasible. The presentation I have chosen requires only the standard introductory background in quantum mechanics, solid state physics, and electromagnetics expected of entering graduate students in physics or elec­ trical engineering. A single undergraduate course in each of these subjects should be more than sufficient to follow the text. :'Iore advanced material on quantum mechanics is developed and collected in the first chapter. \Vhen pos­ sible, I have presented the results in a general setting and have later applied them to specific cases of interest. I find this the most satisfying way to ap­ proach the subject, and it has the additional benefit of solving many problems once and for all.

The author of this book, Prof. Vadim Vasilievich Schmidt, was known in the West as 'Russian Schmidt'. Being a talented theoretician and at the same time heading an experimentallaboratory in Chernogolovka, Vadim Schmidt had a unique talent for explaining complicated physical models and ideas in a simple way. One of his favorite sayings was 'physics is a verbal science'. The book is based on his introductory course on superconductivity. It was published in Russian in 1982 and very soon became undoubtedly the most popular Russian textbook on the physics of superconductors. Without losing its generality and depth, the book presents key aspects of superconductivity in a very clear and logically structured form. As the author said in his pref­ ace to the Russian edition, he tried to 'avoid situations when the words "it is easy to show" conceal tedious and bulky computations'. In spite of its rel­ atively small volume, the book gives a broad overview and covers the major topics of superconductivity. Well-selected examples are clearly described and help the re ader to understand the ideas presented. The book even allows an inexperienced reader to quickly get a grasp of a topic. Vadim Schmidt was born in 1927 in Moscow. His father was a well-known politician and the family did not escape the purges of Stalin's time.

The first, second, and third editions of this book seem to occur at ten year intervals. The intent is to keep the book up-to-date. Many-body theory is a field which continually evolves in time. Journals only publish new results, conferences only invite speakers to report new phenomena, and agencies only fund scientists to do new physics. Today's physics is old hat by tomorrow. Students want to learn new material, and textbooks must be modified to keep up with the times. The early chapters in this book teach the techniques of many-body theory. They are largely unchanged in format. The later chapters apply the techniques to specific problems. The third edition increases the number of applications. New sections have been added, while old sections have been modified to include recent applications. The previous editions were set in type using pre-computer technology. No computer file existed of the prior editions. The publisher scanned the second edition and gave me a disk with the contents. This scan recorded the words accurately and scrambled the equations into unintelligible form. So I retyped the equations using LaTeX. Although tedious, it allowed me to correct the infinite numbers of typographical errors in the previous edition. The earlier typesetting methods did not permit such corrections. The entire book was edited sentence-by­ sentence. Most old sections of the book were shortened by editing sentences and paragraphs.

Throughout my research in the history of science I have been struck by the interest of many key scientists in the origins of scientific concepts and the process of creative thinking, particularly its intui- tive dimension. These scientists saw apparently disparate subjects as being related because the depth of their research had led them to consider the process of thinking itself. This book explores the con- nection of creative scientific thinking with the origins of scientific concepts and the ways in which this connection may provide a better understanding of scientific progress. Thus my concern here is with individuals, with the detailed structure of scientific change, and not with its macrostructure.

For many years neutrino was considered a massless particle. The theory of a two-componentneutrino,whichplayedacrucialroleinthecreationofthetheoryof theweakinteraction,isbasedontheassumptionthattheneutrinomassisequalto zero. We now know that neutrinos have nonzero, small masses. In numerous exp- iments with solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrinos a new p- nomenon, neutrino oscillations, was observed. Neutrino oscillations (periodic transitionsbetweendifferent?avorneutrinos? ,? ,? )arepossibleonlyifneutrino e ? ? mass-squareddifferencesaredifferentfromzeroandsmalland?avorneutrinosare “mixed”. The discovery of neutrino oscillations opened a new era in neutrino physics: an era of investigation of neutrino masses, mixing, magnetic moments and other neutrino properties. After the establishment of the Standard Model of the el- troweak interaction at the end of the seventies, the discovery of neutrino masses was the most important discovery in particle physics. Small neutrino masses cannot be explained by the standard Higgs mechanism of mass generation. For their explanation a new mechanism is needed. Thus, small neutrino masses is the ?rst signature in particle physics of a new beyond the Standard Model physics. It took many years of heroic efforts by many physicists to discover n- trino oscillations. After the ?rst period of investigation of neutrino oscillations, manychallengingproblemsremainedunsolved.Oneofthemostimportantisthe problem of the nature of neutrinos with de?nite masses. Are they Dirac n- trinos possessing a conserved lepton number which distinguish neutrinos and antineutrinos or Majorana neutrinos with identical neutrinos and antineutrinos? Many experiments of the next generation and new neutrino facilities are now underpreparation and investigation. There is no doubt that exciting results are ahead.

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